MODULE.ATLAS_V2 // OPEN LITERATURE DATASET (141 EXTRACTED REVIEW RECORDS)
Hard Carbon Calibration Atlas
Empirical benchmark dataset extracted from published review comparison tables across open-access PMC reviews. Shows reported reversible capacities, carbonization temperatures, rates, and physical parameters.
Notice on Data Integrity: Fields where primary papers did not report measurements are marked n/r (not reported). Imputed category defaults have been removed.
INDEXED RECORDS
141
Review-extracted citations
RAW PRECURSORS
112
Across 5 categories
PEAK CAPACITY
545.0 mAh/g
Olive pomace hollow C
MEAN CAPACITY
311.1 mAh/g
Reported ICE: ~74.9%
EXTRACTED LITERATURE RECORDS (REVIEW BENCHMARK): 141 / 141
CLICK ANY ROW FOR CITATION & TEST SPECS
| Precursor & Category | Temp (°C) | Rev. Capacity | I.C.E. (%) | Rate (mA/g) | d₀₀₂ (Å) | BET (m²/g) | Literature Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manilkara zapota Agri Biomass | 500 | 378.0mAh/g | 87.5% | 100 | n/r | n/r | 10.1002/cnma... |
D-sodium ascorbate Agri Biomass | 600 | 370.0mAh/g | 77.0% | 200 | n/r | n/r | 10.1021/acsa... |
Peanut shells Agri Biomass | 600 | 325.0mAh/g | 70.0% | 100 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.el... |
Hemp haulms Agri Biomass | 600 | 256.0mAh/g | 70.0% | 37.4 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.jc... |
Waste hemp cannabis Agri Biomass | 700 | 359.5mAh/g | 73.0% | 30 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
NACF chitin Agri Biomass | 700 | 320.6mAh/g | 48.2% | 50 | 3.84 | 369.5 | 10.1016/j.na... |
Carrageen Agri Biomass | 700 | 248.0mAh/g | 32.7% | 200 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.el... |
Palmyra palm Agri Biomass | 700 | 245.0mAh/g | 70.0% | 50 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.jp... |
Pomelo peels Agri Biomass | 700 | 180.0mAh/g | 70.0% | 200 | n/r | n/r | 10.1039/C4TA... |
Peanut shell Agri Biomass | 800 | 466.0mAh/g | 58.0% | 30 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Hazelnut shell Agri Biomass | 1000 | 404.0mAh/g | 55.6% | 37.2 | n/r | n/r | 10.1002/adem... |
Tea leaves Agri Biomass | 1000 | 375.3mAh/g | 61.4% | 100 | n/r | n/r | 10.1080/1066... |
Palm leaves Agri Biomass | 1000 | 373.0mAh/g | 44.2% | 25 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.jp... |
Maple leaves Agri Biomass | 1000 | 358.6mAh/g | 74.8% | 10 | n/r | n/r | 10.1021/acsa... |
Cucumber stems Agri Biomass | 1000 | 305.5mAh/g | 64.9% | 100 | n/r | n/r | 10.1007/s108... |
Cherry petals Agri Biomass | 1000 | 298.0mAh/g | 67.3% | 20 | n/r | n/r | 10.1039/C7TA... |
Pistachio shells Agri Biomass | 1000 | 225.0mAh/g | 71.0% | 10 | n/r | n/r | 10.1021/acss... |
Cucumber stem Agri Biomass | 1000 | 198.0mAh/g | 38.2% | 50 | 3.84 | 1988.0 | 10.1007/s108... |
Olive pomace (MCS-24) Agri Biomass | 1100 | 545.0mAh/g | 47.0% | 100 | 3.85 | 18.0 | Review Table |
Olive pomace (Hollow carbon) Agri Biomass | 1100 | 537.0mAh/g | 41.5% | 100 | 3.85 | 18.0 | Review Table |
Olive pomace (HC-1250) Agri Biomass | 1250 | 403.0mAh/g | 68.0% | 25 | 3.85 | 18.0 | Review Table |
Unresolved precursor (WHC900) Agri Biomass | 900 | 371.0mAh/g | 71.0% | 30 | 3.85 | 18.0 | Review Table |
Argan-derived carbon (Argan-1300) Agri Biomass | 1300 | 360.0mAh/g | 86.0% | 25 | 3.85 | 18.0 | Review Table |
Banana peels Agri Biomass | 1100 | 355.0mAh/g | 67.8% | 50 | n/r | n/r | 10.1021/nn50... |
Chickpea husk Agri Biomass | 1100 | 320.0mAh/g | 41.3% | 50 | 3.84 | 1599.0 | 10.1016/j.jc... |
Unresolved seed biomass (Seeds1400) Agri Biomass | 1400 | 274.0mAh/g | 88.0% | 25 | 3.85 | 18.0 | Review Table |
Tea tomenta Agri Biomass | 1100 | 262.0mAh/g | 70.0% | 50 | 3.84 | 39.8 | 10.1016/j.cc... |
Unresolved precursor (TC1600) Agri Biomass | 1600 | 203.0mAh/g | 66.0% | 20 | 3.85 | 18.0 | Review Table |
Mango powder Agri Biomass | 1200 | 520.0mAh/g | n/r | 20 | n/r | n/r | 10.1039/C7TA... |
Coconut oil Agri Biomass | 1200 | 499.0mAh/g | 49.0% | 200 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.na... |
Natural balsa Agri Biomass | 1200 | 439.0mAh/g | 31.9% | 100 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.el... |
Shaddock peel Agri Biomass | 1200 | 430.5mAh/g | n/r | 30 | n/r | n/r | 10.1039/C5TA... |
Apricot shell Agri Biomass | 1200 | 400.0mAh/g | n/r | 30 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.ca... |
Sunflower seed shells Spent coffee ground Rose stems Agri Biomass | 1200 | 376.4mAh/g | 76.0% | 24.8 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Lignocellulose (peanut shell) Agri Biomass | 1200 | 348.0mAh/g | n/r | 30 | n/r | n/r | 10.1002/cssc... |
Algae Agri Biomass | 1200 | 340.0mAh/g | n/r | 25 | n/r | n/r | 10.1007/s108... |
Red yeast rice Agri Biomass | 1200 | 322.6mAh/g | 65.0% | 30 | 3.89 | 38.9 | 10.1039/D5NJ... |
Natural cotton Agri Biomass | 1200 | 315.0mAh/g | n/r | 30 | n/r | n/r | 10.1002/aenm... |
Sugarcane bagasse Agri Biomass | 1200 | 290.0mAh/g | n/r | 30 | n/r | n/r | 10.1002/cssc... |
Prunus armeniaca seed Agri Biomass | 1200 | 185.0mAh/g | 95.0% | 300 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Walnut shell Agri Biomass | 1300 | 315.0mAh/g | 72.0% | 30 | 3.87 | 10.0 | 10.1016/j.je... |
Cotton roll Agri Biomass | 1300 | 305.0mAh/g | 83.1% | 50 | 3.84 | 38.0 | 10.1002/aenm... |
Coconut shell Agri Biomass | 1300 | 293.0mAh/g | 68.0% | 30 | 3.90 | 8.2 | 10.1016/j.je... |
Hogweed Agri Biomass | 1300 | 221.0mAh/g | 87.0% | 25 | n/r | n/r | 10.3390/batt... |
Green tea leaves Agri Biomass | 1400 | 410.0mAh/g | 69.0% | 30 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Hazelnut shell Agri Biomass | 1400 | 375.0mAh/g | 91.0% | 20 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Borassus flabellifer male inflorescences Agri Biomass | 1400 | 367.0mAh/g | 86.6% | 20 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.el... |
Sawdust Agri Biomass | 1400 | 360.0mAh/g | 83.4% | 30 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Lotus stems Agri Biomass | 1400 | 351.0mAh/g | 70.0% | 40 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.jp... |
Lotus petioles Agri Biomass | 1400 | 230.0mAh/g | 52.3% | 50 | n/r | n/r | 10.1021/acs.... |
Cork Agri Biomass | 1500 | 320.0mAh/g | 88.0% | 20 | n/r | n/r | 10.1073/pnas... |
Rice husks Agri Biomass | 1600 | 276.0mAh/g | 74.8% | 30 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.je... |
Pitch Pitch / Coal | 600 | 200.0mAh/g | 56.0% | 20 | 3.75 | 6.0 | 10.1002/adma... |
Pyrolyzed anthracite Pitch / Coal | 1200 | 222.0mAh/g | 81.0% | 30 | 3.60 | 10.0 | 10.1016/j.en... |
Bituminous coal + citric acid Pitch / Coal | 1300 | 315.5mAh/g | 82.0% | 30 | 3.82 | 10.0 | 10.1039/D5NJ... |
Asphalt Pitch / Coal | 1300 | 313.8mAh/g | 86.0% | 50 | 3.76 | 5.0 | Review Table |
Coal Pitch / Coal | 1300 | 308.4mAh/g | 82.0% | 50 | 3.76 | 5.0 | Review Table |
Coal Pitch / Coal | 1300 | 253.0mAh/g | 73.0% | 50 | 3.76 | 5.0 | Review Table |
Pitch + calcium gluconate crosslinker Pitch / Coal | 1400 | 345.4mAh/g | 87.0% | 30 | 3.83 | 5.0 | 10.1021/acss... |
Pitch + NH 4 H 2 PO 4 pre-oxidation Pitch / Coal | 1400 | 340.0mAh/g | 86.0% | 30 | 3.89 | 10.0 | 10.1002/smll... |
Pitch + MgO catalytic preoxidation Pitch / Coal | 1400 | 321.7mAh/g | 88.5% | 30 | 3.85 | 10.0 | 10.1021/acsa... |
Coal tar pitch (THF-insoluble fraction) Pitch / Coal | 1400 | 309.7mAh/g | 91.0% | 30 | 3.80 | 10.0 | 10.1016/j.ca... |
Anthracite + KOH activation Pitch / Coal | 1400 | 308.0mAh/g | 82.3% | 30 | 3.65 | 10.0 | 10.1002/adfm... |
Petroleum pitch (pre-oxidized 300 °C) Pitch / Coal | 1400 | 300.6mAh/g | 88.6% | 30 | 3.88 | 3.5 | 10.1002/aenm... |
Pitch + paper towel Pitch / Coal | 1400 | 293.3mAh/g | 94.1% | 20 | 3.75 | 6.0 | 10.1021/acsa... |
Bituminous coal (preoxidized) Pitch / Coal | 1400 | 290.0mAh/g | 85.0% | 30 | 3.70 | 15.0 | 10.1021/acsa... |
Deashed anthracite (alkali-purified) Pitch / Coal | 1400 | 252.0mAh/g | 78.0% | 30 | 3.55 | 12.0 | 10.1021/acs.... |
Sucrose sieving carbon (CVD modified) Sugar / Carb | 900 | 390.0mAh/g | 80.0% | 30 | 3.82 | 0.5 | 10.1093/nsr/... |
Sugarcane Sugar / Carb | 950 | 290.0mAh/g | 70.0% | 30 | n/r | n/r | 10.1002/cssc... |
Glucose (Stevens & Dahn, classic) Sugar / Carb | 1000 | 300.0mAh/g | 77.0% | 30 | 3.80 | 10.0 | 10.1149/1.13... |
d -glucose Sugar / Carb | 1100 | 394.0mAh/g | 78.0% | 50 | n/r | n/r | 10.1002/anie... |
Glucose Sugar / Carb | 1100 | 160.0mAh/g | 70.0% | 50 | n/r | n/r | 10.1149/2.07... |
Sucrose Sugar / Carb | 1200 | 361.0mAh/g | 76.5% | 20 | n/r | n/r | 10.1002/aenm... |
Ordered cellulose nanocrystals Sugar / Carb | 1200 | 340.0mAh/g | 76.5% | 100 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.na... |
Cellulose Sugar / Carb | 1200 | 300.0mAh/g | 76.5% | 30 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.je... |
Table sugar Sugar / Carb | 1200 | 213.0mAh/g | 89.0% | 20 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.el... |
Sucrose and phenol formaldehyde resin Sugar / Carb | 1300 | 369.0mAh/g | 85.0% | 20 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Phenol formaldehyde resin + sucrose Sugar / Carb | 1400 | 287.0mAh/g | 87.0% | 20 | 3.75 | 6.0 | 10.1021/acsa... |
Glucose + Mg gluconate (MgO-template) Sugar / Carb | 1500 | 478.0mAh/g | 88.0% | 30 | 3.76 | 10.0 | 10.1002/anie... |
Sucrose (HC-1500) Sugar / Carb | 1500 | 330.0mAh/g | 87.0% | 30 | 3.74 | 10.0 | 10.1021/acs.... |
Sucrose (low-defect, low-porosity) Sugar / Carb | 1600 | 361.0mAh/g | 86.1% | 30 | 3.80 | 3.0 | 10.1002/aenm... |
3-aminophenol /formaldehyde resins Synthetic Polymer | 1200 | 360.0mAh/g | 76.5% | 30 | n/r | n/r | 10.1002/aenm... |
Phenolic resin Synthetic Polymer | 1200 | 311.0mAh/g | 76.5% | 20 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.je... |
Phenolic resin Synthetic Polymer | 1300 | 413.3mAh/g | 72.0% | 30 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Phenol- formaldehyde resin (PF) Synthetic Polymer | 1300 | 410.0mAh/g | 84.0% | 20 | 3.75 | 6.0 | 10.1021/acse... |
Resorcinol-formaldehyde resin Synthetic Polymer | 1300 | 300.0mAh/g | 75.5% | 20 | 3.75 | 6.0 | 10.1016/j.na... |
PP Synthetic Polymer | 1300 | 296.7mAh/g | 69.0% | 50 | 3.76 | 5.0 | Review Table |
Phenolic resin Synthetic Polymer | 1300 | 293.5mAh/g | 68.0% | 50 | 3.76 | 5.0 | Review Table |
Resin-based polymers Synthetic Polymer | 1300 | 257.7mAh/g | 75.0% | 50 | 3.76 | 5.0 | Review Table |
Unresolved seed biomass (Seeds1400) Synthetic Polymer | 1400 | 431.0mAh/g | 95.0% | 30 | 3.81 | 1.4 | 10.1021/acsn... |
Pre-oxidized phenolic resin Synthetic Polymer | 1400 | 334.3mAh/g | 84.7% | 30 | 3.82 | 8.0 | 10.1021/acsa... |
HMTA-crosslinked linear phenolic resin Synthetic Polymer | 1400 | 323.9mAh/g | 90.7% | 30 | 3.82 | 10.0 | 10.1021/acsa... |
Macroporous phenolic resin Synthetic Polymer | 1500 | 386.0mAh/g | 80.0% | 30 | 3.70 | 24.0 | 10.1021/acsa... |
Polyphenol Synthetic Polymer | 1500 | 332.8mAh/g | 85.0% | 20 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Disposable polypropylene mask Synthetic Polymer | 1600 | 440.0mAh/g | 68.0% | 10 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Crosslinked phenolic resin + H 3 PO 4 Synthetic Polymer | 1600 | 416.1mAh/g | 89.7% | 30 | 3.75 | 10.0 | 10.1016/j.en... |
Byproduct of fuel alcohol production derived from corn stalks Wood / Lignin | 400 | 338.5mAh/g | 83.3% | 25 | 3.75 | 6.8 | 10.1002/ente... |
Camphor wood residues Wood / Lignin | 500 | 339.0mAh/g | 93.0% | 100 | 3.98 | 11.9 | 10.1039/D0CC... |
Lignin types (Different ash contents) Wood / Lignin | 800 | 281.9mAh/g | 49.0% | 100 | 3.60 | 40.0 | 10.1557/s435... |
Softwood kraft lignin Wood / Lignin | 800 | 150.0mAh/g | n/r | 30 | 4.01 | 355.0 | 10.1149/2.07... |
Water content in the atmosphere (Kraft soft wood lignin) Wood / Lignin | 1000 | 260.0mAh/g | n/r | 100 | 4.00 | 185.0 | 10.1149/2.06... |
Dealkalized lignin Wood / Lignin | 1000 | 231.7mAh/g | n/r | 50 | 3.86 | 87.2 | 10.1021/acs.... |
Milled wood lignin Wood / Lignin | 1000 | 216.4mAh/g | n/r | 20 | 4.10 | 11.2 | 10.1016/j.re... |
Lignin types (Different ash contents) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 317.0mAh/g | 89.3% | 50 | 3.79 | 117.6 | Review Table |
Lignin types (Different molecular weights, oxygenated functional groups, and polarities) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 314.0mAh/g | 78.2% | 50 | 4.06 | 185.4 | Review Table |
Lignin types (Different molecular weights, oxygenated functional groups, and polarities) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 312.0mAh/g | 89.4% | 50 | 3.90 | 182.0 | Review Table |
Softwood kraft lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 310.0mAh/g | n/r | 30 | 3.98 | 94.0 | Review Table |
Dealkalized lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 307.2mAh/g | n/r | 50 | 3.65 | 35.9 | Review Table |
Milled wood lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 292.6mAh/g | n/r | 20 | 3.92 | 10.5 | Review Table |
Milled wood lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 290.7mAh/g | n/r | 20 | 3.46 | 10.3 | Review Table |
Camphor wood residues Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 289.4mAh/g | 95.4% | 20 | 3.71 | 6.7 | Review Table |
Dealkalized lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 284.7mAh/g | n/r | 50 | 3.75 | 33.0 | Review Table |
Lignin sulphonates (LSW) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 284.0mAh/g | 95.1% | 25 | 3.80 | 5.6 | Review Table |
Milled wood lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 281.6mAh/g | n/r | 20 | 3.96 | 19.7 | Review Table |
Softwood kraft lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 280.0mAh/g | n/r | 30 | 3.67 | 47.0 | Review Table |
Dealkalized lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 279.8mAh/g | n/r | 50 | 3.83 | 56.8 | Review Table |
Lignin (unspecified) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 260.6mAh/g | n/r | 50 | 3.75 | 48.3 | Review Table |
Softwood kraft lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 260.0mAh/g | n/r | 30 | 3.99 | 387.0 | Review Table |
Lignin (unspecified) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 255.6mAh/g | n/r | 50 | 3.76 | 54.9 | Review Table |
Water content in the atmosphere (Kraft soft wood lignin) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 252.0mAh/g | n/r | 100 | 4.00 | 21.0 | Review Table |
Lignin (unspecified) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 246.4mAh/g | n/r | 50 | 3.74 | 29.5 | Review Table |
Corn stalks Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 241.0mAh/g | 53.1% | 50 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.ca... |
Lignin (unspecified) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 230.3mAh/g | n/r | 50 | 3.82 | 92.1 | Review Table |
Lignin (unspecified) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 216.6mAh/g | n/r | 50 | 3.65 | 14.7 | Review Table |
Dealkalized lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 215.1mAh/g | n/r | 50 | 3.46 | 45.0 | Review Table |
Lignin sulphonates (LS) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 205.0mAh/g | n/r | 25 | 3.83 | 180.0 | Review Table |
Lignin Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 203.0mAh/g | 57.4% | 25 | 3.80 | 531.1 | 10.1016/j.ge... |
Lignin types (Different extraction methods) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 181.0mAh/g | n/r | 25 | 3.84 | 1.6 | 10.1016/j.ca... |
Lignin types (Different ash contents) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 162.1mAh/g | 80.8% | 100 | 3.87 | 4937.0 | Review Table |
Water content in the atmosphere (Kraft soft wood lignin) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 128.0mAh/g | n/r | 100 | 4.00 | 252.0 | Review Table |
Lignin types (Different ash contents) Wood / Lignin | 1200 | 120.8mAh/g | 68.6% | 100 | 3.77 | 229.0 | Review Table |
Fungus pre-treated basswood Wood / Lignin | 1300 | 329.0mAh/g | 88.2% | 10 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis lignin from oak wood Wood / Lignin | 1300 | 297.0mAh/g | 68.0% | 50 | 4.03 | 249.8 | 10.1021/acsa... |
Lignin types (Different molecular weights, oxygenated functional groups, and polarities) Wood / Lignin | 1300 | 268.0mAh/g | 82.9% | 50 | 3.99 | 117.2 | 10.1039/D4GC... |
Camphor wood residues Wood / Lignin | 1300 | 268.0mAh/g | 82.8% | 50 | 3.84 | 3.7 | 10.1016/j.el... |
Sorghum stalks Wood / Lignin | 1300 | 245.0mAh/g | 62.2% | 20 | n/r | n/r | 10.1016/j.ge... |
Camphor wood residues Wood / Lignin | 1300 | 242.6mAh/g | 84.7% | 20 | 3.63 | 111.4 | 10.1016/j.el... |
Alkali lignin Wood / Lignin | 1350 | 400.0mAh/g | 81.4% | 25 | n/r | n/r | Review Table |
Pinecones Wood / Lignin | 1400 | 370.0mAh/g | 85.4% | 30 | n/r | n/r | 10.1039/C7RA... |
Waste rosewood (H-1500) Wood / Lignin | 1500 | 430.0mAh/g | 75.0% | 30 | 3.70 | 2.6 | 10.1038/s414... |
Bamboo + maleic anhydride crosslinked Wood / Lignin | 1500 | 324.0mAh/g | 93.9% | 30 | 3.84 | 2.4 | 10.1007/s408... |